Enterprise Architecture for Strategy and Business Alignment

Question: Examine about theEnterprise Architecture for Strategy and Business Alignment. Answer: Presentation There are an assortment of Information Systems (IS) that are utilized and executed in a business association. These frameworks should be enough designed, incorporated, and actualized to accomplish the best outcomes out of the equivalent. Venture Architecture (EA) is an idea that permits the undertakings to deliberately design and adjust the data frameworks and applications with the business destinations. The fundamental target of EA is to introduce the rules that can be actualized by a venture so it might accomplish the business objectives and goals. It prompts brisk dynamic procedures and furthermore smoothes out the entirety of the business tasks (Rajabi, Minaei Seyyedi, 2013). Venture Architects are the assets that are liable for executing and overseeing EA and these assets will have correspondence with the kindred administrators and colleagues. Issue Statement The issue with the data frameworks in an association is the mix of fluctuated frameworks and applications with one another alongside the issues of information and data the executives. There are various security dangers and assaults that develop in light of the approximately coordinated frameworks that are not arranged appropriately. Likewise, the associations neglect to examine the data frameworks that are required by them and actualize the ones that are not applicable. It prompts increment in expenses and spending plan of the association (Bergvall-Kareborn Howcroft, 2014). Venture Architecture is an idea that tends to all of such issues that are related with the data frameworks introduced in an association. Strategies Processes Endeavor Architecture amalgamates the depiction of the best applications, techniques, advancements, and methodology that an association will execute alongside the joining component between these components. The current association has characterized a demonstrating language as a standard for all the units of the association with the goal that cognizant engineering is set up. There are explicit complexities that are related with every one of the data framework and application that is introduced in a venture. The displaying language and establishments aid the goals of such issues. EA models guarantee that the reconciliation between the parts is enough done and the relationship is additionally secured well. The design practices and procedures are featured as a result (Kappelman Zachman, 2013). Correspondence between the data frameworks introduced in an association is a noteworthy need to accomplish the advantages. Additionally, it is necessitated that the inside and outer partners alongside the entirety of the assets drew in with an endeavor keep up upgraded correspondence levels with one another. The association has actualized correspondence systems and techniques as a piece of EA to fortify the correspondence between the assets and partners. There are engineering models that have been executed to deal with the current exercises and evaluate the future occasions for point by point investigation. There are with no guarantees and to-be situations produced for this reason (Lankhorst et al., 2005). Partners are the elements that are related with a business association certainly or expressly. The essential objective of an EA is to guarantee that the necessities of the considerable number of partners are met and the commitment and fulfillment levels are upgraded. The data frameworks that are executed in an endeavor are finished with a target to satisfy the client and partner needs (Iyamu, 2017). The Enterprise Architects and the partners interface with one another to decide the extent of every one of these frameworks. The nonappearance of a similar will prompt ineffectively characterized scope and decayed fulfillment levels of the clients just as partners. The association has characterized various perspectives with the goal that the social connection between the partners and the designers is characterized satisfactorily (Rozanski Woods, 2007). Utilitarian Viewpoints: The practical prerequisites and parts of all the data frameworks that should be available in an EA are focused on and are mapped with explicit partners and planners. Data Viewpoint: Each of the data framework that is arranged for an endeavor contains the information and data sets of changed structures and types. There are explicit techniques and systems that are actualized to deal with such changed sets and are shrouded in this perspective. Simultaneousness Viewpoint: The simultaneously happening procedures and strategies are focused under this perspective. Advancement Viewpoint: The improvement of one data framework is not the same as the other and it relies generally on the improvement approach that is utilized. The perspective incorporates the fluctuated formative techniques and undertakings that are done for the data frameworks that are available in an EA. Arrangement Viewpoint: the earth which will be utilized for the sending of the IS and EA are remembered for this classification. Operational Viewpoint: There are an assortment of operational assignments and exercises that are related with every one of the data frameworks and the equivalent are focused upon in this perspective. The perspectives that have been recorded are then mapped with the compositional points of view and the affiliation and connections are drawn out therefore. The appraisal of the necessities and requirements of the partners and the end-clients is finished with the meaning of the utilitarian particulars, adaptability needs, framework abilities and characteristics. The requests of the partners and the clients may fluctuate steady and it is accordingly important to guarantee that the framework adaptability and versatility is constantly kept up. There may likewise be different issues that might be engaged with the adjustment of the framework viewpoints (Kotusev, 2017). For example, the expanded improvement time related with the data frameworks may prompt the adjustment in the framework scope alongside the changes in the building structure and standards. The interest of every one of the data framework likewise fluctuates regarding the engineering, condition, specialized necessities and so f orth. For instance, one of the data frameworks may perform better in confinement while there might be other framework that may require improved degree of reconciliation. EA guarantees that the sufficient practical structure and configuration is arranged and actualized for every one of the frameworks and the perspectives of each are likewise characterized obviously (Pirta Grabis, 2015). Satisfactory administration is one of the vital exercises that assume a huge job in the data frameworks too in the Enterprise Architecture. There has been a great deal of examination that has been completed in the administration part of IS and EA. In any case, a typical comprehension has not been accomplished at this point. There are for all intents and purposes arranged examination approachs that have been characterized to coordinate the administration undertakings with the engineering, specialized, and practical parts of the frameworks. The improvement of such a hypothesis isn't adequate. It is important to execute equivalent to per the achievability of the framework and the association as entire (Simon et al., 2013). Therefore, there are just bunches of strategies that can be really actualized to accomplish the ideal outcomes. The issue of insufficient arranging is exceptionally well known among the ventures as the administration doesn't give a lot of consideration to this specifi c perspective. In any case, arranging is an important action that will be done as a compulsory advance (Masuda, Shirasaka, Yamamoto Hardjono, 2018). Security is another perspective that has been cautiously and sufficiently arranged and executed in the EA. There are a few dangers and assaults to security that have been seen in relationship with the IS. This is on the grounds that there are various passageways that are available in these data frameworks. The passageways are used by the assailants to offer shape to the assaults that unfavorably involve the properties of the data and informational collections. The association guaranteed that such security vulnerabilities and escape clauses were maintained a strategic distance from by intently adjusting the frameworks and their segments with one another (Chesla, 2004). The EA incorporates propelled security segments and modules at each layer. There are systems, for example, get to control, confirmation, encryption, interruptions identification, and anticipation that are utilized to forestall and maintain a strategic distance from such security issues (Alshammari, 2017). Examination between IS EA There are different contrasts between the data framework its engineering and the undertaking design. Purpose of Difference IS its Architecture EA Extension Explicit necessity sets are tended to Constantly changing and questionable necessities are tended to Item The framework overall is created as an item There are different modules and segments created alongside various strategies and methodology Partners Framework Owner is the sole partner There are various partners included Lifecycle It closes when the framework is created and is conveyed The lifecycle proceeds in a circle and is for consistent improvement Administration Restricted administration Improved degree of administration Discoveries There are various perspectives and viewpoints that are related with Information Systems, related procedures, and Enterprise Architecture. In the vast majority of the examination works and exercises, the primary spotlight is laid on the total specialized foundation and the demonstrating systems that are included. Accordingly, the correspondence and connection between the gatherings and the partners is created. Different works of exploration have concentrated on the partners and their prerequisites. It has been expressed that the partner prerequisites will be kept high on pri

Machiavellis The Prince Has Long Been Used And Studied As A Manual For

Machiavelli's The Prince has for some time been utilized and read as a manual for the individuals who are as of now in power or for the individuals who wish to have power. Through judicious pondering political force, Machiavelli is the legitimate source on how one should lead and oversee. To show his focuses, Machiavelli utilizes numerous instances of authority from his life and some from history before 1469. To numerous perusers anyway these models are not of importance any longer in light of the fact that the models are so dated. To bring the impact again into The Prince, we should place the work into a progressively present day setting. In part 16, Machiavelli banters on whether it is smarter to be liberal or parsimonious in administering. In a pioneer both of these qualities can be either gainful or unfavorable to initiative. Progressivism, whenever halted, can cause the individuals who one oversees to accept that they are presently parsimonious. Charity is generally hazardous for those as of now in power. The French Revolution, some would contend, began in view of this situation. At the point when the French government got into exceptional obligation the gentry went to the individuals to rescue them. At the point when the individuals were hesitant to this concurrence with the honorable classes, the white collar class argued its case for monetary changes to support the legislature. At the point when their solicitations were met, the individuals revolted. Individuals embrace the here and now and don't look to the past well overall. Machiavelli infers that pioneers must begin miserly and work their magnanimity furthe ring their potential benefit. One who is viewed as miserly on second can make one motion and be thought liberal and increase esteem from those they administer. In section 17 of The Prince, the conversation rotates around whether it is smarter to be dreaded or adored as a pioneer. Albeit all rulers ought to make progress toward both, Machiavelli reasons that it is vastly improved to be dreaded than adored. Numerous nations today use dread to control their populace and rule adequately. Iraq's present despot, Saddam Hussein, has utilized dread to control his huge state since 1979. The nation fears him and in light of current circumstances. It is basic information that any individual who might loudly or truly attack Saddam Hussein or his system would no doubt be executed. Numerous measures have been proposed to build up an International Court and attempt Saddam Hussein for wrongdoings against mankind. The U.S. House International Relations Committee depicts the fascism of Saddam Hussein [as one that has] made a domain of dread and fear inside Iraq and all through the locale, with its gross infringement of worldwide law and human rights. The ind ividuals of Iraq are dependent upon synopsis and discretionary execution, torment, and constraint of the ability to speak freely. This depiction of the system is actually why Saddam Hussein has had the option to keep up an iron hold on Iraq. At the point when Hussein attacked Kuwait he put Machiavelli's supposition that foundations for taking property are rarely missing, and he who starts to live on loot is continually discovering cause to hold onto what has a place with others (Norton 1715) energetically. The associated powers refuted in their requirement for secure oil since men overlook the passing of a dad more rapidly than the loss of the patrimony (Norton 1715) In the political atmosphere in Iraq, if Saddam demonstrated any adoration not behind the barrel of a firearm, he would be expelled from power practically. Unmistakably for fascisms around the globe it is greatly improved to be dreaded than to be adored. The section 18 affirmation that men lie so consequently anybody may lie sounds valid today the same amount of as it did the Machiaveli's time. All individuals will lie on the off chance that it is worthwhile to their present circumstance. This rule is normal to the point that it isn't important to utilize guides to strengthen it. Afterward, Machiavelli expresses that men when all is said in done pass judgment on more with their eyes than by their hands; everyone is fitted to see, not many to comprehend (Norton 1717). I think this thought sounds accurate for now. The Election of 2000 probably been the most overlooked one I can recall. The American populace is inclined to take a gander at appearances as opposed to genuine initiative capacities. The creator has heard it something such that I'm going to decide in favor of

Mental Health Resources to Help During the Holidays

Mental Health Resources to Help During the Holidays Mental Health Resources to Help During the Holidays Mental Health Resources to Help During the HolidaysIts all too easy to get depressed around the holidays. This year, give yourself the gift of getting help.  While the holidays are often a happy time, they can be tough for many people. A survey conducted by the National Alliance on Mental Illness found that 64% of people said they’re affected by the “holiday blues,” and 24% said it affects them a lot.You shouldn’t feel bad about feeling bad, but if you do want to try and enjoy the holiday cheer, there are mental health resources you can use and steps you can take to try to improve your mood.Dial 211You’ve definitely heard of 911. And you’ve probably heard of 411. But did you know there were other X11 numbers out there for Americans to call? Like 211, which was created back in 2000 to provide callers access to different kinds of local community services. Those services include resources to access food and shelter, especially for those who might have trouble affording them. Relevant to the topic at hand, you can dial a french hen and a partridge in a pear tree twice (that’s 211 in Christmas numbers) to gain access to affordable local mental health resources, like counseling and support groups. It might be known as the season of giving, but there’s no reason it can’t also be the season of asking for help if you need it!Check this online resourceMentalhealth.gov  has a list of resources for affordable mental health access, including links specifically for veterans. We know nobody likes making phone calls anymore, so this is a way to hopefully get some help without having toâ€"ughâ€"talk to someone out loud.SMS SOSSpeaking of not making phone calls, there are resources you can text if you want to use your phone to get help but, as mentioned above, you’d rather hide under a rock than have a conversation on the phone.7 Cups is a resource that lets you text or online chat a therapeutic “listener.” You can choose your listener based on their spec ialties, expertise, and other characteristics. Whether you just need a quick person to talk to or longer-term help, 7 Cups could be a way to get over the holiday blues, as well as blues you face at other times of year too.If you’re having a serious emergency situation, you can reach out to the Crisis Text Line. They do warn you on the site that it’s only if you have an urgent need, so while it could be a lifesaver, you should stick to the other links we’ve provided if you’re not at a crisis point.Small steps each dayIn addition to people you’ve never met that you can reach out to, you shouldn’t hesitate opening up to friends and family, if you feel comfortable doing so. There are also steps you can take on your own to try and make the dark days of winter a little brighter.“Practice acceptance,” suggested therapist Kimberly Hershenson. “Make a list of what you can control in the situation (getting enough sleep, eating well) and what you cant control (your kid having a temper tantrum). Focus on what you can control to make change and accept what you cannot control.”And that’s not all!“Read affirmations every morning. Starting your day with positivity kickstarts your day on the right foot,” advised Hershenson. “Start a meditation practice. Search guided meditation on YouTube or download a free app such as 10% happier (which teaches you meditation techniques).”Hershenson also contributed to a previous post we did about managing your mental health on a budget. All of the tips from that article can be applied to holiday or season-specific depression. One such tip Hershenson offered was about technology before bed: “Turn off the TV, computer, and your phone an hour before bed. Technology stimulates the brain causing our minds to stay active and unable to wind down. Turning off technology allows us to slow down and prepares the body for rest.”Alisa Kamis-Brinda, psychotherapist and owner of  Serenity Solutions Therapy  was also a cont ributor to that previous mental health post. She directed us towards a list of tips she had written on her site for dealing with the holiday blues:Get 7-9 hours of sleep each night.Eat healthy meals and avoid overeating at parties. Fill up on fruits and vegetables and avoid standing near the dessert table.Avoid excessive alcohol use. Drink water and other non-alcoholic beverages.Exercise for stress management. If you struggle to find time in your schedule for this, park in the furthest spot at the mall and walk an extra 10 minutes while you are there.Schedule time for you. Not every minute needs to be filled with shopping, cooking, cleaning, and visiting.Say “no” when your schedule is too busy.Plan to spend time with positive people and limit time with those who are toxic. Consider volunteering to be around people who care.Make a budget and stick to it. It’s not worth it to overspend now and struggle with finances in the new year.Be realistic about your expectations regarding how others will behave. Don’t expect Aunt Sally and cousin Joe to get along if they fight every year at the holiday dinner.Take pressure off of yourself. It is more important for your mental health to follow the above steps than it is to try to be perfect and get everything done. Prioritize, delegate and give yourself a break.Giving yourself a break from the phones and the computers every so often is probably a good idea regardless of the time of day. We have constant access to infinite information these days, and much of it can be stressful. You shouldn’t feel bad about taking a break for your own well-being, especially when it comes to something you couldn’t fix anyway.As Hershenson said above, it’s important to try and focus on the things you can change. Since it is the season of giving, you could even consider volunteering if you’re able to and up for it. It can help you feel like you’re making a positive change in the world and might take your mind off your own prob lems for a little bit.Regardless, know that help is always out there. We hope you have a festive and cheerful holiday season, and that the blues don’t get to you too much.How do you deal with holiday stress? We want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsAlisa Kamis-Brinda, LCSW, LCADC,(@SerenityAlisa) owner and primary psychotherapist at  Serenity Solutions, LLC, in Philadelphia, PA, helps overwhelmed, stressed out professionals and new moms learn how to slow down anxious and angry thoughts so that they can be in the present moment, relax and enjoy life again.Kimberly Hershenson  (@kimhershlmsw) has worked successfully with clients who have experienced problems such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, personality disorders, and difficult relationships. Her aim is to create a warm, supportive, and safe space for her clients to help achieve their personal goals. She believes that, together, they can wor k on understanding feelings and behaviors regarding clients’ areas of concern while helping them to practice healthier coping mechanisms in order to fully participate in life.

Overview of the Worlds Offset Time Zones

While most of the world is familiar with time zones that differ in increments of an hour, there are many places in the world that use offset time zones. These time zones are offset by a half-hour or even fifteen minutes off of the standard twenty four time zones of the world. The twenty four time zones of the world are based on fifteen degree increments of longitude. This is so because the earth takes twenty four hours to rotate and there are 360 degrees of longitude, so 360 divided by 24 equals 15. Thus, in one hour the sun moves across fifteen degrees of longitude. The offset time zones of the world were designed to better coordinate noon as the point in the day when the sun is at its highest point in the sky. India, the worlds second most populous country utilizes an offset time zone. India is a half-hour ahead of Pakistan to the west and a half-hour behind Bangladesh to the east. Iran is a half-hour ahead of its western neighbor Iraq while Afghanistan, just east of Iran, is an hour ahead of Iran but is a half-hour behind neighboring countries such as Turkmenistan and Pakistan. Australias Northern Territory and South Australia are offset in the Australian Central Standard Time zone. These central portions of the country are offset by being a half-hour behind the east (Australian Eastern Standard Time) coast but an hour and a half ahead of the state of Western Australia (Australian Western Standard Time). In Canada, much of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador are in the Newfoundland Standard Time (NST) zone, which is a half-hour ahead of Atlantic Standard Time (AST). The island of Newfoundland and southeastern Labrador are in NST while the remainder of Labrador along with neighboring provinces New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia lie in AST. Venezuelas offset time zone was established by President Hugo Chavez in late 2007. Venezuelas offset time zone makes it a half hour earlier than Guyana to the east and a half hour later than Colombia to the west. One of the most unusual time zone offsets is Nepal, which is fifteen minutes behind neighboring Bangladesh, which is on a standard time zone. Nearby Myanmar (Burma), is a half-hour ahead of Bangladesh but an hour ahead of offset India. The Australian territory of the Cocos Islands shares the time zone of Myanmar. The islands of Marquesas in French Polynesia are also offset and are a half-hour ahead of the rest of French Polynesia. Use the Elsewhere on the Web links associated with this article to explore more about offset time zones, including maps.

Strontium Facts (Atomic Number 38 or Sr)

Strontium is a yellowish-white alkaline earth metal with atomic number 38 and element symbol Sr. The element is known for producing red flames in fireworks and emergency flares and for its radioactive isotope that is found in nuclear fallout. Here is a collection of strontium element facts. Fast Facts: Strontium Element Name: StrontiumElement Symbol: SrAtomic Number: 38Appearance: Silvery-white metal that oxidizes to pale yellowGroup: Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metal)Period: Period 5Atomic Weight: 87.62Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s2Discovery: A. Crawford 1790 (Scotland); Davey isolated strontium by electrolysis in 1808Word Origin: Strontian, a town in Scotland Strontium  Basic Facts There are 20 known isotopes of strontium, 4 stable and 16 unstable. Natural strontium is a mixture of the 4 stable isotopes. Properties: Strontium is softer than calcium and decomposes more vigorously in water. Finely divided strontium metal ignites spontaneously in air. Strontium is a silvery metal, but it rapidly oxidizes to a yellowish color. Because of its propensity for oxidation and ignition, strontium is typically stored under kerosene. Strontium salts color flames crimson and are used in fireworks and flares. Uses: Strontium-90 is used in Systems for Nuclear Auxilliary Power (SNAP) devices. Strontium is used in producing glass for color television picture tubes. It is also used to produce ferrite magnets and to refine zinc. Strontium titanate is very soft but has an extremely high refractive index and an optical dispersion greater than that of diamond. Element Classification: Alkaline earth metal Biological Role: Radiolarian protozoa belonging to the group Acantharea make their skeletons of strontium sulfate. In vertebrates, strontium replaces a small amount of calcium in skeletons. In humans, absorbed strontium is primarily deposited in bones. In adults, the element only attaches to bone surfaces, while it can replace calcium in growing bones of children, potentially leading to growth problems. Strontium ranelate can increase bone density and reduce the incidence of fractures, but it also increases the risk of cardiovascular problems. Topically applied strontium inhibits sensory irritation. It is used in some toothpastes to reduce sensitivity. While stable strontium isotopes present no significant health threat, the radioisotope strontium-90 is considered dangerous. Like the stable isotopes, it is absorbed into bones. However, it undergoes beta-minus decay and thus poses a radiation hazard. Strontium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 2.54Melting Point (K): 1042Boiling Point (K): 1657Appearance: Silvery, malleable metalAtomic Radius (pm): 215Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 33.7Covalent Radius (pm): 191Ionic Radius: 112 (2e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.301Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 9.20Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 144Pauling Negativity Number: 0.95First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 549.0Oxidation States: 2Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Sources Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

The replacement is stored Free Essays

In compression, the algorithm looks for repeating patterns in the source alphabet and encodes these patters as new symbols in a translated alphabet. The new alphabet is composed of symbols that are longer (composed of more bits) than the symbols in the source alphabet. The compression arises when repeating patterns in the old alphabet are replaced by a single symbol in the new alphabet. We will write a custom essay sample on The replacement is stored or any similar topic only for you Order Now The replacement is stored in a dictionary that contains all mappings of the old alphabet patterns into the new alphabet symbols. The decompression algorithm simply does the reverse process of the compression algorithm. The algorithm takes a look at the input stream in the new alphabet and looks up the dictionary for its corresponding pattern in the old alphabet. Unlike Huffman coding, LZW compression does not use probability analysis and computation on the source data, needing only to look at repeating patterns in the source alphabet. LZW works best on streams that contain multiple repeating patterns such as text files. Huffman coding on the other hand works best on streams where there is a disparity in relative frequencies between symbols. In LZW, a dictionary is used to map patterns in the old alphabet to symbols in the new alphabet, the dictionary being constructed from repeating patterns. In Huffman, symbol mappings are based on the frequencies of the symbols in the source alphabet. Additionally, the bit length of the new symbols in LZW is constant while the bit length for the new symbols in Huffman is variable, depending on the frequency of the source symbols. Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) and Wireless Sensor Networks are two similar kinds of wireless technology. A MANET is a self-configuring network the result being an arbitrary topology. There is no fixed infrastructure between the nodes and their only relationship to each other is their proximity to one another. However, that may not be true for sensor networks. Some sensor network protocols specify a specific topology. In the case of IEEE 802.15.4, it allows for two kinds of topologies, a ring topology and a peer to peer topology. Another difference is complexity. The nodes of sensor networks are generally much simpler than in MANETs. Sensor nodes typically include only a transceiver module for communication, a sensor and a microcontroller. This is because of the relatively simpler uses for the sensor such as data collection and gathering. In contrast, nodes of a MANET will generally be more complex, being made up of complete laptops, PDAs or other high level communication devices. A third difference is in the data rates. Sensor networks are generally low data rate systems while MANETs have higher data rates. Bit rates in MANETs like 802.11 are measured in Mbps while those in 802.15.4 and Zigbee are in kbps only. Fourth is power consumption, MANET nodes are designed to be mains powered or only to be reliant on batteries for a short amount of time (generally a few hours). On the other hand, sensor networks will generally use low power components to stretch the power of the battery for weeks or months on end. Lastly, in MANETs, nodes are envisioned to be constantly sending data to one another while in sensor networks, nodes are expected to be in a sleep or quiet mode for most of the time. This is due to the amount of data exchanged in MANETs compared to sensor networks which may only need to throw data to the server on specified times. If we take the example of the ZigBee sensor network protocol, we can see three layers from the OSI model at work in the ZigBee protocol. In the ZigBee protocol, its uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for the PHY and MAC portion of the DLL layer. The ZigBee specification on the other hand serves as the upper layers for the wireless sensor network. How to cite The replacement is stored, Papers

Arthur Millers The Crucible Explore the role played by Abigail Williams in the play. Is it possible to have sympathy for her character Essay Example For Students

Arthur Millers The Crucible: Explore the role played by Abigail Williams in the play. Is it possible to have sympathy for her character? Essay In this essay, I will be exploring Abigail Williams role in the play, showing how she makes the majority of other characters believe her lies and also stating whether in my view, it is possible to have sympathy for her character. First of all, I think that Abigail is a very manipulative character and this is shown in almost every passage of Arthur Millers writing. He describes her as a very innocent girl who is known by everyone. John Proctor cheated on his wife with Abigail and now she wants him all to herself. John Proctor is certain that he wants to stay with his wife, Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail is expressed as a character that can get anything she wishes. The way in which she does this is by acting the sweet innocent child that has no knowledge of the world or happenings, when really she is a conniving little cow. In the play, One passage that Abigail Uses is, Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnams dead sisters. And thats all. And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it: I saw Indians smash my dear parents heads on the pillow next to mine, and I have seen some reddish work done at night, and I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down! Now you-sit up and stop this! This is a very frightening and aggressive piece of writing. This shows that Abigail can be a very scary character, even at the tender age of 17, or around about. The exploration of Abigail Williams role in the play is to be the baddy, and create havoc. If Abigail didnt appear exactly as she does, in my personal view, the story would be horrendous. This is because almost all of the drama and tension is created in resolution to her actions, whether directly or indirectly. Abigails role is to erupt when anything is regaining normalness or anything looks like it will go back to the way it was. Abigail is the spark of a Volcano, because when she says that all of the wives of the men in the town of Salem are witches and she had seen them with the devil when she was brought to it, it causes the whole city to erupt like an exploding, destructive volcano. Abigail says, I look for John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! I never knew what pretence Salem was, I never knew the flying lessons I was taught by all these Christian women and their covenanted men! And now you bid me tear the light out of my eyes? I will not, I cannot! You loved me, John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet! John, pity me, pity me! She says this in response to John Proctor, who slept with her, only to turn her down and exclaim to her that he does not love her anymore. This is one of the points in the play when it shows that Abigail may have had a reason for what she did. John Proctor knocking her back, gives her a fire in her eyes and heart, to damage and hurt Proctor and his wife. Abigails phrase, put knowledge in my heart! means that she was a virgin before her and John had intercourse. This gives Abigail the reason throughout the story to be so mean and cruel. In a way, it is kind of like Miss Havisham in, Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens. This is because they have both been knocked back by men, their partners or such, and they go on to hate men and be evil people. Abigail says to reverend Hale on him asking her if she had sold her soul to the devil, I never sold myself! .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def , .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def .postImageUrl , .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def , .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def:hover , .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def:visited , .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def:active { border:0!important; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def:active , .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u854318834363caad241a6f38c68f5def:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A view from the bridge EssayIm a good girl! Im a proper girl! This is her basically saying that she thinks what he is saying to them is absolute rubbish. When the girls start exclaiming names, that they have seen with the devil, betty suddenly rises, which makes all of the people in the court think that it is a miracle of God, that the silent child wakes. In this play I think that there is a possibility to feel sorry for Abigail Williams, up until the point when people start to be hanged. I think that you could appreciate that Abigail has her own feelings and that the first man she has slept with is refusing to commit to her. You can be slightly sympathetic to her because she has been emotionally damaged by the point of Proctor having a sexual relationship with her. It is fine to say that she has been damaged by this experience, but you cannot expect anyone, however religious or forgiving, to forget about people that they love being hanged over crimes that they havent committed. Overall, I believe that up to a certain point in the play, you can sympathise with Abigail, but when she takes it to another level, you cant help but imagine the horror and utter stupidness of Abigail and her pathetic friends.

What does lawyer represent Essay Example

What does lawyer represent Essay At present, legal profession is considered as one of the most lucrative careers in society. It consumes a considerable amount of money and requires devotion on the said course. Moreover, it is a profession that entails high intelligence and constant confidence. A law student has to surmount the test of patience, endurance, and wit and has to pass the dreadful and grueling bar exam before he finally becomes a full-fledged lawyer. Most of all,lawyering is a complicated profession because it entails life, liberty and property of the party involved.In society, legal profession has thousands of students and their population has been steadily increasing for the past years. The profession appears very inviting because it promises something of great value than any profession in the society. Today, thousands of lawyers are loitering in the hall of justice. They appear confident and elegant with their clean and well- pressed coats. Their suitcases, which they carry with them most of the time, make them even more respectable and well off. Their offices also occupy a considerable area in the city.Meanwhile, in the present era, certain rules and laws govern human acts. Any act done in violation of that law or freedom constitutes a crime punishable by the said laws. The orderly means of implementing the laws and orderly applications of the punishment requires the service of the lawyer, among others. However, with the constant increase of lawyer’s population there is a doubt whether all the cases will be enough for them to handle. Some are even chasing potential clients such as victims of accidents, those suffering a disease due to an intake of a medicine or use of products, or even those insured, just to have clients. Despite the seemingly decreasing number of prospective clients, many are still pursuing law as their profession.Normally, a lawyer’s role in the society is to help in the search for justice. According to the article, Ethical Duties Owed by Lawyers , which was written by Silvio Auditore, a family law specialist, the lawyer has a duty to the law, to his client, and to the courts.Duty to the lawBased on the article, a lawyer, being an integral part of the administration of justice in our legal system, is bound to act within the law and uphold the law at all times.Duty to the clientAccording to Auditore’s article, lawyer is bound to act with honesty, fairness and confidentiality in protecting his clients’ interests. In addition, he is also bound to act with due diligence, reasonableness, courtesy and skill in representing his clients.Duty to the courtMoreover, a lawyer is duty bound to act with honesty, integrity, and candor in the presence of the judge and must not do things that will mislead the court. According to article, in practice, a lawyer is duty bound to represent a party in a case, whether the defendant or the petitioner, unless there is a conflict of interest. In addition, based on the article, a lawyerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s duty is not contained only within court cases because a lawyer can also represent a party without hearings by being an administrator of legal papers of a testator, deeds or documents which need only notarization. A lawyer also extends his expertise to those who needed legal advice.Thus, a lawyer’s existence in the society is indispensable. They are considered the agents of justice, defender of the defenseless, and the seeker of truth. Their role also bears a great responsibility for lawyers help in restoring truth, peace. and order in the society. Given the enormous and sometimes tiring responsibilities of the law profession, question on why do many still wish to be lawyer? What does the legal profession has to offer? What do they really represent?Lawyer represents money and rich peopleIn Herman Melville’s Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street, the author presented a lawyer who does no work as a typical lawyer. The lawyer in the story is the narrator himself, telling the story of his daily activities in his office and his daily discourse with his staff. In the story, it is implied that the narrator is an expert and had a significant experience in law by stating that he is an elderly man. The narrator had four staff members, namely, Turkey, Nippers, Ginger Nut, and Bartleby. They all have different personalities and mood but he likes them all for a variety of reasons. Turkey is an old man who is industrious in the morning but becomes idle in the afternoon. On the other hand, Nippers is Turkey’s opposite for he is idle in the morning but industrious and calm in the afternoon.   Ginger Nut is a law student who works in the lawyer’s office as a cleaner and sweeper while Bartbery is the lawyer’s scrivener. By definition, a scrivener is a writer or copyist. Moreover, based on Melville’s story, scriveners are part of the machinery of modern industry and commerce, educated to do tedious work. During the law yer’s daily routine, he or she lawyer usually sits with his scriveners and Turkey and Nippers to examine the papers they have prepared. When the lawyer called Bartbery to join with them, the latter replied â€Å"I prefer not to.† This statement was always the answer of Bartbery every time the lawyer has something to ask him. Time came when the lawyer fired and abandoned Bartbery because of the latter’s inaction and constant idleness. Bartbery was forcibly brought to a place where he was taken cared of but the lawyer continued to give support to Bartbery and even offered him other jobs other than a scrivener. However, Bartbery preferred not to and, one day, he died.The story left a moral lesson regarding the duty of the lawyer in the society. Notably, a lawyer’s duty is also to save a person convicted of a crime from further punishment if the accused has a reasonable defense and when the crime was really not executed by the accused. From the story it can b e assumed that the lawyer was not able to save scrivener from the discrimination of the society considering that a scrivener is no longer a labor for man but for a machine. Nevertheless, in the story, the lawyer showed concern by being considerate and being generous to Bartbery.In addition, the narrator presented a lawyer who revolved his life on money. According to the story, in the lawyer’s statement,â€Å"I am one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquility of a snug retreat, do a snug business among rich men’s bonds and mortgages and title- deedsIn other words, he stated that he is not a typical lawyer who simply shows up in court to represent or defend a client. Rather, he also earns his fortune through bonds, mortgages, and title deeds of rich men. He is also a lawyer who advocates on â€Å"the easiest way of life is the best,† which means he does not need to work like typi cal lawyers to earn money and it is also an understatement that his priorities are his life’s pleasure and security.   From the story, it can also be inferred that Bartbery is a victim of the social cycle wherein the less privileged are not given much attention. Furthermore, the narrator presented himself as an example of lawyer who works for money.Lawyer to represent the poorIn the society where there are thousands of lawyers, it can be hard to determine whether they work for money, power or for principle. However, it is possible that there are fewer lawyers who work for principle. In the story, Man the Reformer, the author, Ralph Waldo Emerson appeals to the society’s practice of discriminating against the poor people and the disregard for the existence of God. The story also said that justice can not be acquired without divine intervention. Moreover, in his work, Emerson stated:â€Å"The Americans have many virtues but have not Faith and Hope†¦The Americans have no faith. They rely on the power of a dollar; they are deaf to sentiment. They think you may talk the north wind down as easily as raise society; and no class more faithless than the scholars or intellectual men†.He also further stated† â€Å"The state must consider the poor man, and all voices must speak for him. Every child that is born must have a just chance for his bread. Let the amelioration in our laws of property proceed from the concessions of the rich, not from the grasping of the poor†. In relation to legal profession, the author has considered a normal practice in legal profession in which lawyers only represent those who have money while the poor is less represented. Due to this, justice is out-of-reach because poor people cannot afford the fees and cannot be even represented freely as their case are not among the lawyer’s priorities.Lawyer to represent principleIn the reading, Life Without Principle, which was written by Henry David Thore au, the author criticized the norms of the society wherein people exist only to work and work   because they are only thinking of how much money they could earn. In the story, Thoreau stated†Ã¢â‚¬Å"This world is a place of business. What an infinite bustle! I am awake almost very night by the panting of the locomotive. It interrupts my dreams. There is no Sabbath. It would be glorious to see mankind at leisure for once. It is nothing but work, work, work.†Going further, the author criticizes the society for being very busy engaging in work without much time to enjoy nature and looking into what a man could contribute to the humanity. He insisted that the aim of a worker is not to find big profit but to find job that he would enjoy and at the same time fulfill his purpose in the society. According to the story:  Ã‚   â€Å"The aim of the laborer should be, not to get his living, to get â€Å"a good job,† but to perform well in a certain work; and even in a pec uniary sense, it would be economy for town to pay its laborers so well that they would not feel that they were working for low ends, as for a livelihood merely, but for scientific, and even moral ends;†In relation, the author of the story further commented on the usual practice in courtroom;â€Å"I wondered if, when they got home, they were as careful to wash their ears as before their hands and faces. It has seemed to me, that the auditors and the witnesses, the jury and the counsel, the judge and the criminal at the bar, if I may presume him guilty before he is convicted—were all equally criminal, and a thunderbolt might be expected to descend and consume them all together.†In all the reading regarding the legal profession, it seems that lawyers, who are considered the intellectuals of the society, are very busy with their job not to help but to seek fortunes. It can be deduced that they are in the legal profession for money and for power. It is their means of getting rich by dealing with the rich. It has been said that lawyers are agents of justice because they are deemed to help in establishing the truth. Search for justice is such a delicate and complicated thing that a simple mistake can kill an innocent man and can free a real criminal. Thus, lawyers must perform their jobs with faith and act based on moral grounds. Moreover, the justice system shall not exclude those who are poor who cannot afford the service of an intelligent and powerful lawyer. Justice should always be served to the poor if they are deemed to have it.Furthermore, in the justice system, there are a number of lawyers who work for principle. They execute their job according to their oath and they serve the poor with no strings attached. However, these kinds of lawyers are not given much opportunity by the government. All said, no matter what these lawyers represent, in all cases, justice shall not be compromised for money, power or principle.Works citedEmerson, Wald o. 13 April 2008. â€Å"Man the Reformer.† Emersoncentral. 13 May 2008 http://www.emersoncentral.com/manreform.htm.â€Å"Ethical Duties Owed by Lawyers.† July 2006. Findlaw. 13 May 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.findlaw.com.au/article/14934.htm.â€Å"Life Without Principle.† 2008. ITS Student Technology Collaborative. 13 May 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://pantheon.cis.yale.edu/~thomast/texts/life.html.Merviell, Herman. 2008. â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall- Street.† Virginia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Commonwealth University. 13 May 2008.     Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/bartleby/.â€Å"Scrivener†. 2008. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 13 May 2008 http://www.merriam-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   webster.com/dictionary/scrivener.

The Molecular Formula for Water

The Molecular Formula for Water The molecular formula for water is H2O. One molecule of water consists of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. There are three isotopes of hydrogen. The usual chemical formula for water assumes the hydrogen atoms consist of the isotope protium (one proton, no neutrons). Heavy water is also possible, in which one or more of the atoms of hydrogen consist of deuterium (symbol D) or tritium (symbol T). Other forms of the chemical formula for water include  D2O, DHO, T2O, and THO. Its theoretically possible to form TDO, although such a molecule would be extremely rare. Although most people assume water is  H2O, only completely pure water lacks other elements and ions. Drinking water usually contains chlorine, silicates, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, sodium, and trace amounts of other ions and molecules. Also, water dissolves itself, forming its ions,  H and OH-. A sample of water contains the intact water molecule along with hydrogen cations and hydroxide anions.

Sarbanes Oxley Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sarbanes Oxley Act - Essay Example It is a law for all public that set the standards for all the United States of America’s public companies board, the management and all the public accounting firms. This has set the standards for all who hold management position to give out accurate financial statements and information, while making external auditors more independent. The Act contains 11 titles. Scenario 1 which tries to establish whether a chief financial officer(CFO) or the CEO is liable certify report that contain misrepresentation can be explained by title III of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX).this title contain eight parts and states that those in high ranking of management should be individually responsible for accurate and complete financial statements. The title is specific in that it demand that corporate officers e.g. the CFO, or the CEO to be responsible for accurate and valid financial records (SOX section 302) ( Guy 45).4 Scenario 2 wished to establish whether or not a CFO or CEO is liable for using their respective position to influence an "audit report" of a public corporation. This can be explained by title XI on fraud accountability. It specifies that tampering and fraud of financial records either by overstatement or understatement attracted a penalty. This may lead to an extent of freezing payment which seems either overstated or understated. (SOX section1101)(James 128). Scenario3 wishes to find out whether or not an outside auditing firm must report directly to the "internal auditing committee" of a public corporation.... . Scenario 6 looks at whether or not a public corporation can make loans to managers and executives. This can be explained by title V which has nine sections that shows reporting on any transaction whether it is an off the balance sheet or any financial transaction. This means that they can make loans to the managers but it is a requirement to report on all those transaction that were involved (James 310). The last scenario wishes to tell whether or not a person who conspires with other to engage in fraudulent activities will receive the same punishment as those who actually engage in the fraudulent activity. Title III specifically states that every officer s will take his her individual responsibility for accurate and valid reporting. In case of fraud each officer takes his/her own responsibility and receives his /her own penalty (Guy 103). It is for a fact that Sarbanes Oxley Act is applicable in many activities of the firm. It seeks to set the standards for all who hold management position to give out accurate financial statements and information, while making external auditors more independent. Work cited. Guy Lander ,What is Sarbanes-Oxley? McGraw-Hill, 2003 James Hamilton, Ted Trautmann,Sarbanes, Oxley Manual: A Handbook for the Act and SEC Rules, CCH Incorporated, 2008 Question A Uniform commercial code Uniform commercial code was first enacted in 1952 and aimed at harmonizing sales law in the United States of America. Uniform commercial law was enacted to deal with transactions and contracts. It was created to create uniformity while transacting. It is subdivided into articles but of importance to this question is article 2 of the uniform

Rape and sexual assault in deployed military Term Paper

Rape and sexual assault in deployed military - Term Paper Example However, some senators have taken a bleak view of the lackadaisical manner, in which the armed forces deal with such incidents. For instance, Senator Kay Bailey Hitchison wrote to the Air Force Secretary, directing an investigation into 24 cases of rape of females at the Sheppard Air Force Base in Texas. What was of great significance was that she was apprehensive regarding the manner, in which these cases would be dealt with. In addition, she had serious misgivings about whether the rape victims would obtain justice from these investigations (News in Brief. National , 2004). The US military gives the victims of sexual assault, two choices, in respect of reporting. The first is that of restricted reporting, wherein the assault is brought to the notice of a chaplain, DSARC, UVA or medical provider. Such reporting remains uninvestigated or unreported to the next superior officer, in the chain of command. The other option provided is that of unrestricted reporting, in which the assault is not reported to any entity of restricted reporting. Such unrestricted reports have to be perforce investigated and brought to the notice of the appropriate authority in the chain of command. There is a provision for victims to commence restricted reporting and subsequently change over to unrestricted reporting (Pariante, 2009). The victim obtains the same medical care, irrespective of the mode of reporting. They are provided with treatment that addresses physical injuries, pregnancy or infection with sexually transmitted diseases, pursuant to the sexual assault. In addition, such individuals are also provided with psychiatric assistance to come to terms with emotional effects, like depression, flashbacks, suicidal thoughts and rape trauma syndrome. Many a victim of rape has reported numbness, a dazed feeling, sense of being withdrawn from the surroundings, fear for personal safety, humiliation, shame and guilt (Pariante,

How God Can Help to Understand the Presence of Natural Evil

How God Can Help to Understand the Presence of Natural Evil Thousands have died in the last 12 months as a result of adverse weather conditions, hundreds of thousands as a result of earthquake and volcanic activity, and millions through cell mutation leading to diseases such as cancer. Explore how models of God can help or hinder an understanding of the presence of such natural evil in the world. Generally when you think of the word evil, your first reaction will be to think of moral evil evil committed by human beings. Three examples of such evils are murder, rape, and terrorism. In Christian tradition, evil consists of breaking the rules given by God to man, and suffering is Gods punishment for breaking those rules. Theologian Henri Blocher depicts evil, when looked upon as a theological concept, as an unjustifiable reality. In common parlance, evil is something that occurs in experience that ought not to be.[1] The focus of this essay however, is natural evil. This is evil in the world that arises from what we call natural events. This would include earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, disease, birth defects, and other aspects of our world that cause suffering and death, e.g. cancer. These create a problem for us in how we think about God, because such events inflict evil on victims, but with no human perpetrator to blame for it. Now that the actual issue of evil has been addressed, we can begin to look at how models of God can help or hinder an understanding of the presence of such evil. Evil poses a big problem to Christianity, because they propose the existence of a deity who is omnibenevolent (all loving), while simultaneously also being omnipotent (all powerful), and omniscient (all knowing)[2]. This is arguably the most obvious problem caused by models of God with regard to natural evil, yet also the biggest, and it still has not been solved. If God is omnipotent, then God has the power to eliminate all evil. If God is omniscient, then God knows when evil exists. And finally, if God is omnibenevolent, then God has the desire to eliminate all evil. If God is all powerful, then he must have the power to stop such events. If he has the power to stop them, but chooses not to, then he isnt omnibenevolent. If he doesnt stop such events even though he wants to, then he is not omnipotent. This would then insinu ate that God, or at least the Christian image of God, does not exist. This is obviously a model of God causing great hindrance to getting anywhere near to understanding natural evil. In God and Evil, McCloskey examines five popular solutions to the problem of understanding natural evil. In this article natural evil is referred to as physical evil. The five solutions proposed are; physical good (pleasure) requires physical evil (pain) to exist at all; Physical evil is Gods punishment of sinners; Physical evil is Gods warning and reminder to man; Physical evil is the result of the natural laws, the operations of which are on the whole good; and finally, Physical evil increases the total good.[3] With regard the first solution offered, McCloskey is quick to shoot it down. It doesnt cover all natural goods and evils. He says that Disease and insanity are evils, but health and sanity are possible in the total absence of disease and insanity.[4] He goes on to describe how the argument is unsound in respect of its main contention, and hence seriously limits Gods power. This solution would maintain that God cannot create pleasure without pain, and as McCloskey shows, the y are not correlatives. Next, McCloskey considers the solution that natural evil is Gods way of punishing sin. This was the idea used to explain the terrible Lisbon earthquake in the 18th Century, when tens of thousands of Portuguese citizens were killed. Voltaire replied to the argument that it was a punishment by asking if God chose the people he felt were least virtuous in society, which clearly is not the case. For this argument to help us understand natural evil, it would require every single human being to have sinned so badly that we all deserve severe punishment from God; such is the uneven distribution of the punishment if it is so. McCloskey argues that even if it were the case that we all deserve punishment, why is there the issue of birth defects such as blindness or mental disabilities what have the children then done to deserve punishment? In fairness he does concede that this argument has dropped out of the theological sphere, but it is one that is still used at the popular level.[5] Thirdly, the issue of natural evil as a warning to men is considered. Again this explanation comes no closer to helping us understand natural evil. Joyce, cited in God and Evil puts forward that natural evils inspire a reverential awe of the Creator who made them.[6] McCloskey goes onto describe evil as the main reason why people turn away from religion and so if God is using it to try and inspire veneration, then he is a bungler'[7]. Also the use of evil for this reason wouldnt be something youd expect from a benevolent deity. Penultimately, evil as the result of the natural laws is considered. McCloskey summarises the argument by saying This fourth argument seeks to exonerate God by explaining that He created a universe sound on the whole, but such that he had no control over the laws governing His creations, and had control only in His selection of His creations.'[8] This would then indicate three of the main arguments used by theists contradict each other and in turn make it more difficult for us to understand natural evil. It also asks questions of Gods omnipotence. The previous two arguments attribute the detailed results of the operation of these laws directly to Gods will. Therefore it is not without significance that they betray such uncertainty as to whether God is to be commended or exonerated.[9] The solution considered lastly is that the Universe is better with evil in it. This type of argument portrays evil as a means to a greater good. McCloskey again discredits it by saying even if the general principle of the argument is not questioned, it is still seen to be a defective argument. On the one hand, it proves too little it justifies only some evil, and not necessarily all of the evil in the universe; on the other hand it proves too much because it creates doubts about the goodness of apparent goods.[10] While we must take into account that McCloskey is a firm atheist, it is difficult to prove any of his arguments against these explanations as wrong. Only the last argument does not conflict with the theist model of God, and even then it only shows that natural evils that occur may have a justification. This is hardly an argument that helps understand the presence of natural evil in the world. Perhaps a model of God that can help us to understand why natural evil is existent in the world is the theodicy of Augustine. A theodicy is an answer to the problem of evil. The biblical story of The Fall in the book of Genesis is fundamental to Augustines theodicy. According to Genesis, Adam was created perfect in a flawless world but then sinned consciously by eating from the forbidden tree. Mans original wholesomeness was lost and all his descendants inherited original sin and original guilt. Augustine puts forward that our punishment for Adams moral evil, which we have inherited, is natural evil.[11] Augustine argued that God is entirely good and cannot be held responsible for creating evil. He would say that Man deserves to be punished and therefore it is right that God should not intervene and put a stop to suffering because we created evil by misusing our freedom. Evil, therefore, is not a thing in itself but rather a privatio boni, that is a lack of goodness or a falling short of the perfection which God intended for us, since God only creates good and it makes no sense to talk about creating a deprivation. Evil only happens where good goes wrong and it is always man who causes this to happen.[12] If evil is a lack of goodness or perfection (privatio boni) rather than a substance in itself, how do we know what perfection is? In order, for example, to distinguish between what is good in man and what is bad we would need to understand what perfect human nature is. There is a logical contradiction in maintaining that a perfectly created world has gone wrong, because this would mean that evil must have created itself out of nothing, which is not possible. In other words, whether evil is considered to be a substance or a lack of goodness responsibility for it must lie with God. Either the world was not perfect in the first place or God allowed it to go wrong (by allowing Satan to tempt Adam to eat the apple). If, in the Garden of Eden, before the Fall (i.e. in the perfect world) there was no knowledge of good and evil, how could there have been the freedom to obey or disobey God? Adams initial capacity to choose evil must still be attributed to God. For scientifically minded critic s the main weakness of Augustines theodicy is, again, that it is derived from Genesis and the story of the Fall. It does not take account of evolutionary theory. The idea that a perfectly created world was damaged by humans (and that this is how evil and suffering came into the world) is not borne out by evolutionary theory. According to this view of the world, evil and suffering must have existed long before homo sapiens appeared on earth. According to Darwinian theory, for example, evil and suffering are the inevitable consequence of the struggle for survival in which all creatures have been engaged. So, again, if Gods world contained flaws (in the form of evil and suffering) before man existed, God must bear responsibility for them. Augustines theodicy begs the question of whether God could have created free beings who always choose what is morally right. All the most recent scientific evidence suggests that the human race is not descended from one ancestor (Adam) as Augustine cl aims, but grew up across the globe from a number of different forebears and before that from apes. Therefore we cannot be thought to have inherited Adams original sin. Nor, therefore, is God just in punishing us for someone elses sin. Hell appears to be built into the design of the universe in Augustines theodicy. It would seem, therefore, that God was expecting things to go wrong, and chose to do nothing about it. How can we believe in Gods justice when some have been granted His grace and others not , on an apparently arbitrary basis? And why would a benevolent God have wished any of his creatures to suffer eternal torment in hell? Blocher, H. 1994. Evil and the Cross. p.10 Tooley, M. 2002. The Problem of Evil. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. [Online] Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/ [Accessed on 26/04/2010] McCloskey, H. J. 1960. God and Evil. The Philosophical Quarterly (10)39. pp.97-114. Ibid. Ibid. Joyce cited in McCloskey, H. J. 1960. God and Evil. The Philosophical Quarterly (10)39. pp.97-114. McCloskey, H. J. 1960. God and Evil. The Philosophical Quarterly (10)39. pp.97-114. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Birnbaum, D. 1988. God and evil: a unified theodicy/theology/philosophy Birnbaum, D. 1988. God and evil: a unified theodicy/theology/philosophy

A Second Adolescence

He is healthy, has no known diseases or a family history that would suggest him particularly prone to illness. He awakening into a life and body he no longer recognizes. He has physically let himself deteriorate In a dark cubicle showing no Importance to his physical self (Lachrymal, 2004). Concern for ones physicality Is important in accepting the changes of middle age and being comfortable in one's own body (Sharon, 1998). He begins to recognize his own body s importance because off crush he develops on his daughter's friend.Starting to work out and place Importance on how he looks Is symbolic of his acceptance of his new body (Ben-Earl, Leave, & Shave, 2008). His office job has made him somewhat sedimentary yet it appears to have little effect on his physical wellbeing except in athletic terms he begins to address. His body and physical image becomes important to him. He wants to feel attractive and begins working out vigorously. He once again sees himself as a sexual being and wa nts to feel good about himself physically. Ben-Earl, Leave, & Shave, 2008) Changes at his Job serve as a catalyst for Lester to begin a transformation in his life in order to unify his self image with the actuality of his everyday Life(Lachrymal, 2004). Family dynamics: Luster's relationship with his wife Is In shambles. They no longer support each other or have a sexual relationship. His relationship with his daughter is almost nonexistent and it is unclear if there is any extended family. No close familiar relationships exist in Lester life. It Is clear though that there was a time that he and his wife and daughter were happy.He often reminisces of a time when he had less to no responsibility and his whole life ahead of him. He feels stifled by his family and his Job and has no outlet to address this problem. Throughout the period of observation Lester makes a complete circle to self acceptance. He takes some drastic tepees but they are In the end successful. He develops a sexual obsession with his daughter's friend which functions to snap him out of his state of complacency and begin to mix things up in every area of his life.He effectively begins to identify himself as an adolescent would testing boundaries and forming a new personality(anger, 2004). Caroline Is the dominant member of the family. She Is louder and more demanding than her child or partner. Image Is everything to her. 1 OF 7 important to her than her actual ability to successfully fill these roles(Barnett, 2004). Her whole persona is a set of illusions that are not based on reality. She is materialistic and lives in a world of half truths and delusion. As a mother her actions are hollow and self serving.They are for show as opposed to being truly supportive or helpful. She is overcritical, berating Jane on her appearance repeatedly. Adolescence is a time which is difficult for both the child and the parent(Anger, 2004). On the one hand a parent must be supportive an seen as in a position of authority while still giving their child room and space to mature and grow into the adult they are attempting too. Respecting an adolescent's budding maturity while arming an adult relationship with them is extremely hard on a parent, who still sees their child as being a child.It does not count to pretend to be friends with the adolescent, and being ‘cool When what they want is a level of actual respect and consideration, which is the case between Jane and Caroline. It is so important for Caroline to appear to be listening to and understanding her daughter that she loses sight of the person Jane is. As a father he is unable to connect with his daughter. Lester begins to try to talk to her but at this point she is uninterested in meeting him half way and it's unclear she ever will. The obvious attraction he has to Angela alienates Jane and separates them emotionally further.Father and daughter could potentially be allies against Carolynn ‘s conformist nature, but Luster' s adolescent fantasy puts them permanently at odds. By paying more attention to the object of his desire, Angela, he proves to Jane that her feelings are of no consequence to him. He genuinely seems to want a more honest relationship with Jane, but fails to see the connection between his feelings for Angela and his parental role. Lester is able to play a parental role for Angela that he cannot for his own daughter. He manages to e comforting and accessible. As a wife Caroline is the first to step out on their relationship and partnership.In order to feel like a woman and sexually attractive she begins a sexual relationship with an icon of her chosen profession(Barnett, 2004). She is able to validate her decisions through this sexual relationship. His perceived success emboldens her in her primary relationship(Ben-Air, Leave, & Shave, 2008). Psychological Influences: Lester becomes aware all off sudden that he is unhappy with his life. He makes a conscious decision to change his surr oundings and instead of losing his Job which as the probable outcome of restructuring at the office, he takes a stand and refuses to be overlooked.Revealing an abuse of power he is able to manipulate his bosses to give him a year's salary with benefits. This freedom allows him to begin a path to self discovery that codifies his self image with how he is perceived by the world. Over the course of the few months we have access to Lester he goes through distinctive stages of development akin to that of an adolescent. Risky serves as an attachment relationship for Lester. He is able to form a close secure attachment to Risky and egging to stretch the boundaries of his previously rigid position in family as well as community(Sable, 2008).This is in line with the convoy theory (Antibiotic, Kamala, & Dashiki, 2004) which stipulates that attachment relationships change and continue to form over time. Risky serves to both father and daughter as a stable reliable relationship that the can cou nt on(Sable, 2008). This allows Jane to express openly comfortable and confident with her changing body. It allows Lester to once again believe in himself as having worth and no longer defining himself solely as a husband and father. He begins to explore what he really wants and what he needs to do to get there. He finally begins to start doing for himself.Although in the most classic terms possible he is living out a midlife crisis, it appears that for him this is a process of maturation and acceptance he previously did not have a chance to experience(Lachrymal, 2004). He is mirroring the psychological experience his daughter should be going through(Morris, Silk, Steinberg, & al. , 2007). He buys the car he wants, starts working out, starts smoking pot and standing up to his wife. Lester brazenly demands respect and independence both in his family and Job. He exclaims that things are changing and no longer allows his wife to bully him or talk over him.He makes a loud and overt dema nd for respect. He wants the same amount of freedom as his wife and daughter and symbolically breaks the bonds of restraint by disrupting dinner, breaking a plate against the wall and demanding a change of music, atmosphere and pecking order. It is the first clear step towards Lester being able to redefine himself both internally and externally(Lachrymal, 2004). Theoretical perspectives: The majority of middle aged people report having more satisfaction and less anxiety bout their abilities and describe a sense of perfecting skills(Lachrymal, 2004).Stereotypically the midlife crisis hits a huge percentage of people yet only a small percentage actually seem to. It is a period in which people have a chance to review their decisions and life choices, and come to terms with what they have achieved or not achieved. They may be exactly where they want to be or some may have to adjust their self image to incorporate the way their life actually looks potentially leading to crisis. This is t he case of Lester Barman. He describes waking up from a 20 year mom and finally becoming aware of, and wanting to participate in his surroundings.Luster's internal world is pretty much dead before meeting him. He describes an awakening one day with the feeling that his life is n. Tot his and he no longer recognizes the different systems he is involved in. Using his work difficulties as a catalyst, he becomes able to change his entire life into something he can accept(Antibiotic, Kamala, & Dashiki, 2004). Lester seems to have not formed a functional attachment style with anyone in his life until he ‘wakes up' (film) after feeling like he had ‘been in a coma for 20 years. He starts to develop an attachment relationship with Risky in a sense.He eventually becomes comfortable with what he feels is his true self, and secure with Risky. Psychological Progress: Insinuators and Bowls idea that attachment forms and changes over the life span supports the idea that Lester gains a sense of security through his relationship with Risky(Antibiotic, Kamala, & Dashiki, 2004). Rick's attachment to his father is nonexistent. He feels protective of his mother but neither of his parents has provided safety or comfort for him in moments of distress, one of the most salient bobs of a caregiver(Sable, 2008).He instead has to take on the role of care-giver and protect and defend his mother who is otherwise helpless and alone. Risky easily slips into a similar role with Lester, being the familiar role he is used to. Lester gains wisdom and self awareness by mirroring an adolescent sexual attraction. He exploration and discovery an adolescent typically engages in (Aren't, 2000). Instead of his parents Lester rebels and redefines himself within in the family structure he has created as an adult. He pushes emotional limits and attempts to make connections in ewe and more passionate ways.Coming full circle Lester finally is able to accept the man he is and the life he lives. H e goes through a growing process a kin to that an adolescent would when creating an adult identity. Lester tests his new self out in all of the major areas of personality and finds himself in a body he accepts with a persona he is comfortable with(Anger, 2004). Luster's restraint in not having a sexual relationship with Angela demonstrates a level of maturity he did not previously possess indicating successful personality growth towards adulthood.When Lester anally sees Angela as the child she is and is able to comfort her expressing fatherly instinct his competence as a father is proven to him. He is able to reassure her without being patronizing and respecting her growing maturity, an important role parents play for adolescent children(Anger, 2004). In a sense Lester uses Angela as a proxy for his daughter as soon as he identifies her as something more than a sexual object. The fact that Lester recognizes the extent to which a sexual relationship with one of Cane's friends would b e inappropriate, the love he has for his daughter and ole as a father is reestablished.Lester gains solace by looking at a picture of the glory days of his family where they are all smiles. His ability to renew his life and find beauty in the ups, downs and seemingly mundane moments is testament to his development as a mature, well adjusted adult(Lachrymal, 2004). SOCIAL FACTORS: Gender Roles / Gender Conformity: Lester and Carolina's marriage does not follow strict gender roles in the classic sense of man as bread winner woman as home maker (Lore, 1994). Carolyn views herself as the bread winner of the family. She has proclaimed herself the captain of her emails social standing.She believes that one's social position can be directly related to economic gains. For her, money and material gains are the most important marker of one's overall success socially. Making money is the most important thing for her. It is unclear how much money she actually contributes to the family, but â₠¬Ëœsole bread winner' is a role she takes on readily if loudly (Mikhail, 2004). It is a typically make role, yet she somehow thinks that by both worrying about economic status and appearance she deserves more credit and admiration (Barnett, 2004). She is the first o fully disregard her marital relationship.Her sense of entitlement increases as their relationship moves forward. Masculinity and Homophobia: Considering masculinity to be socially constructed provides men with agency in forming the prevalent view of masculinity. Masculinity being malleable allows us to step back and identify exactly what we require of men to be ‘manly' in our society (Kismet, 2004). The pressure is insurmountable for some people. Risky dad is unable to accept himself for who he is and his internalized homophobia is so devastating that he feels he is forced to act to defend his manhood.Luster's truthful acceptance of the realities of his life in the end is what ends his life. Not accepting popular c ultures definition of masculinity and the freedom that allows is Lester is terrifying to a man who has based his life around not admitting or accepting the truth of his situation. Military Perspectives on Homosexuality: homosexuality. Don't ask don't tell (DADA) being the official position thought of by some as a progressive policy for the military was not repealed until 2011(Bird,2014).Showing how ingrained homophobia is in a military psyche. The staunch difference teen other nations policy on civil equality, even in the military is astounding. Take for example the United Kingdom and Australia's response to transgender soldiers serving verses the United States. Julia Bard's 2014 New York Times article ‘The Courage of Transgender Soldiers' elucidates Just how polarize these nation's policies actually are (Bird, 2014). ‘Department of Defense regulations don't allow transgender individuals to serve in the U.S. Military, based upon medical standards for military service. â €  (Bird, 2014) The official position of the United States military is hat being transgender is a mental disorder as defined by the ADSM Ill of 1980(American Psychiatric Association, 1980), instead of adopting the current medical standard for considering gender nonconformity (gender dysphasia) not as a psychological disorder in and of itself (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Solidarity and respect are shown to transgender members of the military in both the U.K and Australia while the United States military continues to use an antiquated theory of gender, allowing official intolerance (Kernighan, 2012). Homophobia in the Military: In 1999 DADA was the official Clinton era policy adopted by the United States in 1993 (Burlier, 2010) to address civil equality in the military. Homosexuality remained a disagreeable ‘offence' when openly expressed changing very little for LIGHT military personnel. Same-sex orientation after DADA was enacted was still a disagreeable offenc e.The law did not prevent service members from being asked about their sexuality rather it removed questions sexual orientation from recruitment questionnaires. Military members and prospective recruits were not allowed to discuss their same-sex orientation risking discharge or denial of entry if they did Burlier, 2010). The argument for not allowing homosexual service members to disclose was the concept that ‘an open statement by a service member that he or she is a homosexual will create a rebuttal presumption that he or she intends to engage in prohibited conduct,' (Burlier, 2010 p. ). Regulations are not put on heterosexual service members discussing their personal exploits, fantasies or desires. Several sexual practices are considered ‘prohibited' both under military code and civil courts, yet the assumption is not made that these acts have or ever will take place. DADA did very little for improving the actual situation and daily lives of LIGHT service members. The actual number of discharges due t same sex relationships was not significantly different before and during DADA policy years (Burlier, 2010).Rampant homophobia was a social requirement isolating and associating closeted LIGHT service members (Kier, 1998). The fear at being discovered was a daily reality. Anyone could tern a soldier in for same sex activity, actions as innocuous as holding hand. This leaves individuals suspected of homosexual ‘conduct' (Burbler & 1995) alienable physical and verbal attacks as well as official action being taken. Hetero- normative principles were the sole cultural atmosphere. Colonel Frank Fits served in the military even before DADA was the official policy.The much more restrictive, abrasively homophobic policy adopted during the time of his service shaped his attitude was a requirement of service. Any closeted member of the military would have to internalize feelings of self hatred due to the constant anti gay rhetoric. Internalized homophobia and it Repercussions: Frank Fits identifies himself purely based on his military experience. He has no identity other than colonel. He does not take on or identify with the role of husband or father. He coldly treats his family as cadets below his rank.His own sun refers to him as Colonel or Sir as one would a superior officer. The fact that Frank Fits cannot be anyone but the coroner he once was makes it impossible for him to explore, let alone accept feeling and attitudes that the military looked down on. Introspection does not exist for him. Orders, fear and denial run this man's life. His sexual curiosity and feeling of lust towards men are so unacceptable to Frank that he builds is life around his explicit homophobia. Cool. Frank Fits' residual self hatred, fear and shame pushed him to most the extremes of discrimination and racist principles.His internalized homophobia shaped his relationship with those closest to him, his wife and son who he alienates (Frost, Meyer, 2009). H iding this part of his internal self in the end defines his entire life. Offensively attacking any chance he got to not have his internal self exposed to the public or himself. Lashing out offensively is a defense strategy so that he will never be exposed to others or himself. The anguish and embarrassment Cool. Fits experiences by being what he thought to be rejected by Lester provoked emotions so strong that he had to kill Lester to be able to live with himself.Luster's comfort and ease while discussing his own marital relationship mixed with misunderstanding previous events convinces Cool. Fits that Lester is a closeted homosexual. The fact that Lester is neither actually gay, nor homophobic shattered Cool. Fits' world. The Cool had to play the role of the macho heterosexual for so long made that he became overly Jealous, controlling and abusive to his wife. Being less aggressive would have made him appear weak in his military unconsciousness. This fact made it inconceivable that Lester could be unapologetic, calm and without anger or Jealousy at the fact that his wife was with another man.A freedom Frank Fits could never allow himself. He ends Luster's life right at the moment that Lester is able to achieve something that the Cool. Cannot, self acceptance. Conclusion: Luster's acceptance and renewed love of life ends up being what kills him. Lester is able to accept in other people facts that they cannot accept about themselves. Cool Frank Fits does not possess the skills to regulate his emotions or cope internally hen faced with a threatening situation, choosing instead to lash out in violent anger (Morris, Silk, Steinberg, & al. , 2007).For Frank Lester becomes the embodiment of all the sexual feelings he cannot except within himself. Killing Lester is a desperate attempt to kill the feelings Frank most fears. Lester reaffirms his identity as a well adjusted adult when rejecting his foolish adolescent urges. He accepts what he has accomplished and is at peace with who he is, uniting the image he has of himself with the actuality of his life. Typically this type of review is done later in life(Lachrymal, 2004). Lester is afforded the luxury of being at peace before he dies even though it is sudden.

Individual and environmental factors Essay

1.1Explain the individual and environmental factors that impact positively or negatively on learning. The study of adult learning – ANDRAGOGY – originated in Europe in the 1950s and was then pioneered as a theory and model of adult learning from the 1970s by Malcolm knowles, an American practitioner and theorist of adult education. He defined androgogy as: „the art and science of helping adults learnâ€Å" Knowles identified six principles of adult learning, which are: 1.Adults are internally motivated and self-directed. 2. Adults bring life experiences and knowledge to learning experiences. 3. Adults are goal oriented. 4. Adults are relevancy oriented. 5. Adults are practical. 6. Adults learners like to be respected. With individualised learning the trainer needs to consider and cater for the needs of individual participants. Some of the key factors to consider are: -Rates of learning and learning style -Attitude -Maturity -Interest which effect the level of learning -Motivation -Learners can work at their own pace at the time most convenient to them -Different learning styles can be accommodated -Etc. All this above mentioned factors can have positive or negative impact on learning. I have identified that people have different learning styles and it is very important to utilise this to gaing the most from each individual learner and to help make their learning as effective as possible. There is no one right combination of elements that will magically result in a positive climate for learning for every participant. There is also four kinds of learning styles: -Visual learning style has a preference for seen or observed things, including pictures, diagrams, demonstrations, displays, handouts, films,  flip-chart, etc. These people will use phrases such as „show meâ€Å", „lets have a look at thatâ€Å" and will be bes table to perform a new task after reading the instrucitons or watching someone else do it first. These are people who will work from lists and written derections and instructions. -Auditory learning style has a preference for the transfer of information through listening: to spoken word, of self or others, of sounds and noises. These people will use phrases such as „tell meâ€Å", lets talk it overâ€Å" and will be best able to perform a new task after listening to instructions from an expert. -Kinaesthetic learning styles has a preference for physical experience touching, feeling, holding, doing,, practical hands-on experience. These people will use phrases such as „let met tryâ€Å", how do you feel? And will be best table to perform a new task by going ahead and trying it out, learning as they go. These are the people who like to experiment, hands-on, and never look at the instructions first. -Auditory digital learning style has a preference for working outside of the senses. People will tend to: have a need to make sense of the word, to figure things out, to understand. Talk to themselves and carrz on conversations with you in their mind.Learn by working things out in their mind.Not to be spontaneous, as they like to think things through. Have logic play a key role in the decision process as do facts and figures. Memorize by steps, procedures, sequences. The learners have a wide range of learning needs and styles, and this diversity must be take into account by employing a variety of training methods. In additions, the size of the venue, the arrangement of the furniture, the functioning of equipment and other physical aspects of the training room all contribute to, or detract from, the learning evironment. When these factors can be manipulated to be positive influences, an environment more conductive to learning will be created. Organisational and process decisions: Venue, Facilities,Environment, Meals and refreshments, Accessibility, Cost and Physical layout. Environment – the environment around the training centre should be conductive to training taking place. There are various ways in which we can adapt the learning environment so that it caters for the physical needs of the participants: The temperature and environment within a training room should facilitate learning, it should be warm but not excessively hot or too cold because participants should be comfortable to pay enought attention to presentation. The layout of the room should be inviting suggesting the prospect of interesting activity and with adequate „break outâ€Å" areas. Make sure that you are comfortable with the layout of the room to deliver the best of your ability and the training will not be as effective as it otherwise could have been. A positive learning environment nurtures these feelings by allowing sudents to explore and expand their knowledge without undue risk or fear. Bring all types of learning could be positive for the individual as we are all different people and also confidentatiality is important too. Negative impact can be that participants do not switch off mobile phones what may lead to disturbing other participants and also trainer. Another negative factor could be lighting which should be appropriate for activities such as note taking, viewing of audio-visual aids and hands-on computer training otherwise it will have impact on individuals or group. Resource availability is based on available resources. The venue will have available a laptop, with internet access and an overhead projector. A flip chart will be available together with marker pens and pens and paper. Formative Assessment the goal of formative assessment is to gather feedback that can be used by the instructor and the students to guide improvements in the ongoing teaching and learning context. These are low stakes assessments for students and instructors. Examples: †¢Asking students to submit one or two sentences identifying the main point of a lecture †¢Have students submit an outline for a paper. †¢Early course evaluations Summative Assessment the goal of summative assessment is to measure the level of success or proficiency that has been obtained at the end of an instructional unit, by comparing it against some standard or benchmark. Examples: †¢Assigning a grade to a final exam †¢Critique of a Senior recital †¢University Faculty Course Evaluations The outcome of a summative assessment can be used formatively, however, when students or faculty take the results and use them to guide their efforts and activities in subsequent courses. ACTIVITY 2 Undertaken at the workshop. ACTIVITY 3 How you created a positive learning environment: To create a positive learning environment i made sure the temperature and enviromnent within a training room was fine, e.g. warm but not excessively hot or cold, clean, welcoming, bright and colorful.Lighting was appropriate for activities such as note taking, viewing of audio – visual aids that the layout of the room was inviting, suggesting the prospect of interesing acitivity and with adequate „break outâ€Å" arears and also that the participants had free access to water and toilets. The feedback on your activity from learner participants: To get the feedback on my presentation from learner participants i used a feedback questionnaire with the following questions. On a scale of 1 – 5 (1being the worst and 5 being the best) please circle the one that applies 1.Was the learning informative? 2.Was the information delivered in a concise and structured manner? 3.Did you find the learning topic interesting? 4.Do you feel you were supported through questioning and feedback? 5.Did you find the activity clear and simple to follow And i aslo left space for any other comments or development needs. Comments and development needs recommended by participants: my topis was Junk food vs Healthy food would be good to explain more healthy options, could do meal plans – suggest exercise reqires the slides were sometimes unclear – blue words – blue background. Enjoyed though. No – good presentation Good reminder of what we know and why i tis important to eat healthily. I will try to eat less sugar!! No, very clear and enthusiastidly given. No. Was a very good presentation, good use of powerpoint slides. Observation record from assessor Les Curzon: OBSERVATION RECORD: F211A Candidate name:LUKAS DEMJANJUNK FOOD/HEALTHY FOOD Demjan898@gmail.com Unit 3DLA Delivering Learning and Development Activities Observation Criteria Assessor feedback – to be completed by the assessor with notes to support the decision Creates an environment that is positive & conducive to learning – e.g. – health & safety – room layout – welcome – accommodates needs – puts participant at ease – builds rapport H&S not covered Ice breaker, write favourite food. The audience was some distance away and some had their back to you to start with. Structures & sequences effectively for learning e.g. – introduction – main body – conclusion Good introduction and you got the attention of the learners. Main body informative Provides clear aims / learning outcomes No clear aims and objectives. Manages learning activity effectively – uses a range of appropriate training skills Tended to be mostly lecture style with a few questions. – uses learning resources appropriately and effectively Good use of PowerPoints with appropriate images and addresses VAK. – supports learners via questioning and feedback Asked lots of questions but tended to be closed â€Å"does anybody† – uses appropriate formative & summative assessment methods Formative through Q&A, summative Q&A – could have had a quiz. Could have designed a meal. – summarises and concludes the learning and development activity Summarised throughout and reinforced – assists learners to reflect on their learning and identify further needs Via Evaluation form – collects feedback from participants Evaluation form General Comments / Feedback Lukas, An informative session on healthy food. The identified need being to improve the health of employees? The audience were physically distant and you could have brought them closer to you. This could have been achieved after your ice breaker I am aware that you did the presentation in your second language. You tended to read which slowed the pace and it lacked energy. You need to plan and prepare in good time. You have the basics of a good session and need to develop it by having SMART objectives and lots of activities. A good effort and you need to consider the Systematic Training Cycle when you reflect in your TMA. Well done. Smart objectives should be: Specific means making a clear statement about the knowledge or skill that the trainee should be able to do and actually demostrate at the end of the course. This includes the level of operation, such as „after the training, te trainee should be able to use the machine safely and efficiently to produce the product at the specified qualityâ€Å". Measurable means that the standard of the trainees performance after the training can be measured in terms of, for example, quality and number of tiems in a specified period of time. Achievable means that it should be possible for the trainee to achieve the objectives in the light of the situation, the practicability, and the intelligence and motivation of the trainee. Realistic means that the objectives should be obviously useful and clearly related to the type of work that the trainee carries out. Time – related means that the trainee should be able to develop understanding, attain concepts and demonstrate skills withing a pre – specified period of time. For example, uou mighy be able to type a leeter perfectly if you took an hour to do it, but not if you only had five minutes.A skilled typist would be able to achive the objective in the shorter time. EVALUTATION AGAINST SYSTEMATIC LEARNING CYCLE 1. Identify training needs There are several ways in which training needs may be identified but unfortunately i did not have a choice to find out the training needs as i met the participants for the very first time. 2. Set training objectives In general, the objective of training is to develop in people the knowledge and understanding, skills and competence that they need to meet required performance standards. I did not concentrate that much on the Smart objectives but for the futher development needs i will need to plan and prepare in good time. 3. Plan the training Bearing in mind the nature of the subject matter in which employee needs to be trained, decisions have to be made about how and where it is to be carried out. There are several choices. Most training, however, falls into one of two categories: On-the-job trainin, which as the term implies, takes place while the trainee is actually working or it could be Of-job-training, which may be external training, when, for example, an individual or a small group is sent to a local college or training centre or to a higher education institution to undertake a professional qualification.I could not decide where was i doing presentation. 4. implement the training There is six training methods such as Lecture, Seminar, Case study, Role-play, Syndicate work, Exercises i decided for seminar which is ideal to discuss a topic or concept. I think it was effective because i introduced the subject and run a group discussion where trainess presented their views on which i could comment. I also used training media PowerPoint and visual aids such as overhead projector and flipchart which i used for the answers to my questions and for laying main points of a talk. It was effective way of learning because people pay enought attention to the powerpoint presentation.Preperation involved working on the detail of the training session and also draft my notes of what i was going to say. I went through each element of the course carefully, drafted a separate set of notes for each element but did not place them in a file which was making me confused and lost. I did not cover Ice breaker but aafter i had a good introduction and attention of the learners. Main sect ions were informative. No clear aims and objectives And tended to read which slowed the pace and it lacked energy. 5. Evaluate the course It is a socially interactive process after which the participants should feel  confident that htey have all learned from the experience. Additionally, it should also be effecitve i terms of achieving the trianing objectives which i need to develop by having Smart objectives and a lot of activities. 6. Analysis and review It is rare for a training session that is being run for the first time to achieve every single aspect of every objective. Analysis and review is the final stage of the systematic trianing cycle which helped me to reveal areas that need to be improved and showed me what do i need to work on. 2 RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE MY FUTURE PERFORMANCE: 1. IceBreaker It is very important to get the participants talking to each other and to relax because people can be quite intimidated at courses, especially in front of a big group so more i get them to relax and enjoy it, the more easily they will learn. 2. Running a trainning session In advance of actually running a session, i will need to go through my notes and learn them so well that i will not need to refer to them because it lack energy